定語(yǔ)從句
1在復(fù)合句中做定語(yǔ)的從句稱為定語(yǔ)從句，它可以用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞后面。
2引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞通常被稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞一般位于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間，且作為定語(yǔ)從句的一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系詞又分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
I 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見(jiàn)的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
2) whose 用來(lái)指人或物，(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，它還可以同of which互換)。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ))
II. 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
1) 關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如：
I will never forget the day when I met her. 我將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我見(jiàn)到她的那一天
Beijing is the place where(in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關(guān)系副詞，可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，在口語(yǔ)中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過(guò)的地方。
III.判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無(wú)賓語(yǔ)，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動(dòng)詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過(guò)的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記與你共事的日子。
判斷改錯(cuò)：
(錯(cuò)) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯(cuò)) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對(duì)) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對(duì)) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語(yǔ)，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語(yǔ)的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語(yǔ)，又可做從句的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語(yǔ)表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對(duì)，所以選A。
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，when 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，why 原因狀語(yǔ)) 。
IV. 限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1) 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝�，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
V. 介詞+關(guān)系詞
1)介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3)某些在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)的"介詞+關(guān)系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關(guān)系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過(guò)的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂(lè)部的那一天嗎?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
VI. as, which 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽(yáng)使地球暖起來(lái)，這對(duì)我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?/div>
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后
句成為句子，兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子不能單以逗號(hào)連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號(hào)連接的兩個(gè)句子并在一起在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系代詞都指主句所表達(dá)的整個(gè)意思，且在定語(yǔ)從句中都可以作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。但不同之處主要有兩點(diǎn)：
(1)as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個(gè)主句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)必須是系動(dòng)詞;若為行為動(dòng)詞，則從句中的關(guān)系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動(dòng)詞，所以正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)為B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。
例2. as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關(guān)系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語(yǔ);例2中，它充當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞know要用被動(dòng)式。
VII. 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)
VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的動(dòng)詞都送來(lái)了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我沒(méi)什么關(guān)系。
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
(錯(cuò))Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯(cuò))Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對(duì))Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，與庶民同罪。
(對(duì))Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰(shuí)搶了銀行還不清楚。
3) that 和 what
當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞，而引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，是個(gè)不充當(dāng)
任何成分的連接詞。賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中的that�？墒÷�。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你會(huì)喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實(shí)踐。
IX. 關(guān)系代詞that 的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如：
(錯(cuò))The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2)
(一) which與that指物時(shí)可互相代替，但that比which更常見(jiàn)，尤其在口語(yǔ)中。但要注意that可用來(lái)指人，而which則不能指人。
只能用that不能用which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：
�、俣ㄕZ(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞，同時(shí)又被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo);
This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.
②定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞，同時(shí)又被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo);
The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.
�、鄱ㄕZ(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞，同時(shí)又被the only，the very或the same修飾時(shí)，
定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo);
1) It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.
2) This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.
�、芏ㄕZ(yǔ)從句修飾的詞同時(shí)又被不定代詞，如：all，any，no，every，little，many或much等修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo);
Here is all the money (that) I have.
�、荻ㄕZ(yǔ)從句修飾詞為everything，something，anything，nothing，all，none，much，little，few等不定代詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)。但something前有the時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句可由which引出。
Here is something (that) I will tell you.
I want everything (that) I want.
�、薅ㄕZ(yǔ)從句修飾的詞中同時(shí)含有“人”和“物”的名詞時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用that引導(dǎo)：
I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.
�、叨ㄕZ(yǔ)從句修飾的詞為one, ones時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)：
Is it the one (that) you want?
�、喈�(dāng)主句的主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞 who或 which來(lái)提問(wèn)時(shí)，為了避免重復(fù)，用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句：]
Who is the girl that won the first place?
(二) who指人，that除指人外也指物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作賓語(yǔ)可省略，作主語(yǔ)不能省略。
1) The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. (作主語(yǔ)，不可省略)
2) The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is having a rest in his office. (作主語(yǔ)，不可省略)
3) The boy (who/ that) I like isn’t here now. (作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)
注 意:
who與that指人時(shí)可互相代替，但下列情況只能用who不能用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句：
�、� 先行詞是one，ones，anyone時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用who引導(dǎo);
�、� 先行詞為those時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句只能用who引導(dǎo);
�、� There be句型開(kāi)頭。
另 注：(1) whom指人，為who的賓格形式,在句中只作賓語(yǔ)，其前沒(méi)有介詞時(shí)，也可用who替換使用，也可省略，如：
Who is the teacher (that/ who/ whom) Yanzhen is talking to? (作賓語(yǔ)，可省略)
Who is the teacher to whom Yanzhen is talking? (作賓語(yǔ)，介詞to提到whom前，whom再此不可省略)
(2) whose 指人，也可指物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，不可省略。如：
The building whose windows face to the south is our school. (作定語(yǔ)，不可省略)
注意：1)在關(guān)系代詞that，which，who，whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中，只有當(dāng)他們做定語(yǔ)從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，才可以省略。
2) 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)由其前的名詞或代詞決定。
He who doesn’t study hard won’t pass the exam.
3) 因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中已充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分，該從句中不能出現(xiàn)與它重復(fù)的成分。
That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see. (對(duì))
That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see it. (錯(cuò))
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