形容詞和副詞
A:形容詞
1、 形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常， 可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
1) 直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補語。例如：hot 熱的。
2) 敘述形容詞只能作表語，所以又稱為表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開頭的形容詞都屬于這一類。例如：afraid 害怕的。
(錯) He is an ill man.
(對) The man is ill.
(錯) She is an afraid girl.
(對) The girl is afraid.
這類詞還有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞之后，例如：
something nice
2. 以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1) 大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍為形容詞。
改錯：(錯) She sang lovely.
(錯) He spoke to me very friendly.
(對) Her singing was lovely.
(對) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞，也為副詞。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
3 用形容詞表示類別和整體
1) 某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2) 有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個民族的整體，與動詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
4 多個形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個形容詞修飾名詞時，其順序為：
限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例題:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two
答案：C。由"限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色) --性質(zhì)--名詞"的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 幾個形容詞修飾一個名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案：B。本題考查多個形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的方在后，在不能確定時，可參照下表：
限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+
those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞
old + brown + wood + table
5下列幾類形容詞也沒有比較等級：
(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對概念的形容詞或副詞。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示時間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容詞。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
6形容詞作定語時的后置
a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語時，位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面，但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時，定語后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.
他們建成了一座一百米長的橋。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.
去年，我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。
b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組，作表語時，也后置。
The bridge is a hundred meters long.
這座橋長達一百米。
The building is thirteen storeys high.
這個大樓有十三層高。
They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.
他們已經(jīng)修建了一座長二百米的橋。
注意
量度詞組變成合成語時，作定語用，放在名詞前。
Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.
去年我們建了一座高十三層的大樓。
c.另外，一些形容詞或形容詞詞組常用來放在句首、句中或句尾，作狀語。
He returned home, tired and hungry.
他又累又餓地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.
又冷又餓，他走在街道上。
B: 副詞及其基本用法
1 副詞的種類、用法和位置
副詞在句子中修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。用來表示時間、場所、狀態(tài)及程度。
1 副詞的種類
1.副詞的種類
(1)時間副詞
�、俦硎敬篌w時間：now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
�、诒硎绢l率：always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用：already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點副詞
�、俦淼攸c：here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,
nowhere,somewhere.
�、诒砦恢藐P(guān)系(后接賓語時，用作介詞)：
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,
away,near,off,past
(3)方式副詞表示謂語動詞"怎樣地"，(此類副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成)：
badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,
politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,
wrongly,suddenly.
(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來修飾形容詞或副詞：much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑問副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問句：how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語、賓語或表語從句：how,when,where,why
(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語從句：when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對整個句子進行說明，一般用逗號與主句隔開：
frankly(坦率地說,說真的)，generally(一般說來)，luckily(幸運地是)，first of all(首先)等。
1.地點副詞、時間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末
注意
地點副詞作定語時要后置，不屬于這種情況。有時少數(shù)地點副詞和時間副詞可以作定語，放在所修飾詞的后邊。
The students here are all from China.
I'll wait for you here.(地點副詞)
我將在這兒等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(時間副詞)
明天我將去車站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station.
注意
有時為了強調(diào)時間，也可把時間副詞放在句首。
The boy wrote the homework quickly.
(方式副詞)
這個男孩子寫作業(yè)很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地點時間
昨天他們在實驗室認真地做實驗。
The students all worked well here last week
這些學(xué)生上周在這里都做得很好。
2.頻度副詞在句中位置有以下兩種
a.在be動詞、情態(tài)動詞及第一個助動詞之后。
She is always kind to us(be動詞)
她對我們總是很好。
I can never forget the day.(情態(tài)動詞)
我永遠也不能忘掉這一天。
The work has never been done.
助動詞 助動詞
(頻度副詞never放在第一個助動詞has的后面)
這件工作永遠也做不完。
b.在實義動詞之前
He often goes to school early.(實義動詞)
他常常早到校。
3.程度副詞有下列二種情況
a.修飾動詞時,它在句中的位置與頻度副詞的情況相似。
He is almost forty years old.(在be動詞之后)
他快四十歲了。
注意
如果句末同時有幾個副詞，它的基本順序是：方式副詞+地點副詞+時間副詞。
He can hardly understand you.
(在情態(tài)動詞之后)
他幾乎聽不懂你的活。
I like the boy.(在實義動詞之前)
我相當(dāng)喜歡這個男孩子。
b.修飾形容詞、副詞時，放在它所修飾的詞的前面。
He studies much harder now.
現(xiàn)在他學(xué)習(xí)努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.
(enough修飾形容詞)
這個房間夠大的可以容納50人。
He runs fast enough.(enough修飾副詞)
他跑得夠快的。
注意：副詞very 可以修飾形容詞，但不能修飾動詞。
改錯：(錯) I very like English.
(對) I like English very much.
注意：副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面，形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
6 兼有兩種形式的副詞
1) close與closely
close意思是"近"; closely 意思是"仔細地"
He is sitting close to me.
Watch him closely.
2) late 與lately
late意思是"晚"; lately 意思是"最近"
You have come too late.
What have you been doing lately?
3) deep與deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度，相當(dāng)于much
The plane was flying high.
I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是"廣泛地"，"在許多地方"
He opened the door wide.
English is widely used in the world.
6) free與freely
free的意思是"免費";freely 的意思是"無限制地"
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak freely; say what you like.
7某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問句;still表示某事還在進行，主要用于肯定句和疑問句，有時也可用于否定句。如：
We've already watched that film.
I haven't finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問句，too和as well多用于口語，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語，一般放在句中與動詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
He didn't go there either.
8 形容詞與副詞的比較級
⑴ 規(guī)則變化
變化規(guī)則 example
1.一般在詞尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest
2.以不發(fā)音的字母e 結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加-r 或- st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest
3.以輔音字母+ 結(jié)尾的詞，把 y變?yōu)閕 ，再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest
Happy-happier-happiest
4.重讀閉音節(jié)，末尾只有一個輔音字母，雙寫這個輔音字母，再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest
Fat-fatter-fattest
5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級前加more 構(gòu)成比較級和most 構(gòu)成最高級 Slowly-more slowly-most slowly
Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
�、� 不規(guī)則變化
原級 比較級 最高級
Good/well better best
Bad/ill/badly worse Worst
Many/much more most
little less least
far Farther/further Farther/further
old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級前可省略定冠詞。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
9. as + 形容詞或副詞原級 + as
1)在否定句或疑問句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時采用以下格式。
as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞
as + many/much +名詞
This is as good an example as the other is.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語時，放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.
Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍數(shù)+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍數(shù)+ than + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10. 比較級形容詞或副詞 + than
You are taller than I.
They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.
注意：
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級。
(錯) He is more cleverer than his brother.
(對) He is more clever than his brother.
(對) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免將主語含在比較對象中。
(錯) China is larger that any country in Asia.
(對) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意對應(yīng)句型，遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意冠詞的使用，后有名詞的時候，前面才有可能有名詞。
比較：Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
11可修飾比較級的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。
3)以上詞(除by far)外，必須置于比較級形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題:
1) ---- Are you feeling ____?
---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any better C. quite good
D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修飾比較級，quite修飾原級，well的比較級為better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A. more B. much more C. much
D. more much
答案：C. much可修飾比較級，因此B，C都說得通，但easier本身已是比較級，不需more，因此C為正確答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time
C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
答案：D。
12 many,old 和 far
1) 如果后接名詞時， much more +不可數(shù)名詞
many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
2) old 有兩種比較級和最高級形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
3) far 有兩種比較級，farther，further. 在英語中兩者都可指距離。
在美語中，father 表示距離，further表示進一步。
I have nothing further to say.
13. the + 最高級 + 比較范圍
1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。
形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示"非常"。
It is a most important problem.
=It is a very important problem.
注意： 使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(對) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列詞可修飾最高級，by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意：
a. very可修飾最高級，但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b. 序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級。
Africa is the second largest continent.
3) 句型轉(zhuǎn)換：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定詞語+比較級"，"否定詞語+ so… as"結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14. 和more有關(guān)的詞組
1) the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make.
2) more B than A 與其說A不如說B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
3) no more… than… 與……一樣……，不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.
no less… than… 與……一樣……
He is no less diligent than you.
4) more than 不只是，非常
She is more than kind to us all.
典型例題
1)The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America
D. that in America
答案：D. 本題意為"中國的天氣比美國熱。"比較的是天氣而不是國家，C不能選。A沒有名詞，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用來代替可數(shù)名詞，而that可車以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞，所以選D。
2)After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as
答案C. 此句意為"這個廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機是往年的兩倍"。 表示倍數(shù)用"倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對象"的句型。所以此句答案為C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.
重點提示：
常見比較級五句型
1> Who / Which + be +比較級 , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John?
Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2> ~ + be + the 比較級 + of the two. (兩個之中比較…的那一個，~包含在兩個之中)
Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.
3> much / a lot / even / far + 比較級
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle. 計算機比自行車貴多了。
4> "The+形容詞比較級..., the+形容詞比較級...", 表示 " 越... 就越..."。
The more you study, the more you know. 你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多。
5> " 形容詞比較級 + and + 形容詞比較級 ", 表示 " 越來越... "。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper. 計算機越來越便宜。
/
3) 最高級不一定就是第一
1> Who / Which + be +最高級, A, B, or C ?
Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, Jack與David三個人中誰最高?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行車，摩托車和汽車，哪一個最貴?
2> ~ + be + one of the +最高級 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示"最……的……之一"。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China. 黃河是中國最長的河流之一。
3> "…+ be +the + 序數(shù)詞 +最高級 +單數(shù)名詞 + 范圍", 表示"……是…….的第幾……"。
She is the second tallest student in our class. 她是我們班第二高的學(xué)生。
4> ~ + be + the 最高級 ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 過去分詞.
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我看過的最有趣的書。
沒有比較級的形容詞和副詞
1)有些程度副詞，如：quite, rather, comparatively, incomparably, relatively, fairly等與形容詞連用具有"比較"含義。故這時句中的形容詞不能再使用比較級。 例如：
It is a set of comparatively new instrument in our laboratory.
This book is rather difficult for the juniors, but fairly easy for the seniors.
2)下列幾類形容詞也沒有比較等級：
(1)表示"終極"意義或絕對概念的形容詞或副詞。如：absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示時間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如：back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如：atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有"最"或"唯一"概念的形容詞。如：maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
真題再現(xiàn)
1. -Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003年)
-I think it's autumn.
A.good B.better C.best D.the best
解析：正確答案為D。該題的核心詞為season。根據(jù)比較級與最高級的知識，兩者之間用比較級，而三者或三者以上用最高級，北京有四季，因此本題應(yīng)選擇最高級。又因為形容詞最高級前要加定冠詞the，因此答案為D。
2. - Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004年)
-- Of course, the moon is.
A.small B.smaller C.smallest D.the smallest
解析：正確答案為D。該題的核心詞在第一句句尾，"the sun, the moon or the earth",提問的對象為三者，應(yīng)該選擇最高級。
3. The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005年)
A. clean B. cleaner C. cleanest D. the cleanest
解析：正確答案為B。該題的核心詞為than，than一詞是比較級的標志。
4. Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005年)
A. cheap B. cheaper C. cheapest D. the cheapest
解析：正確答案為B。該題與第三題相似，核心詞為than。
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