非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
1.定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。可分為三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。
2.動(dòng)詞不定式：to + 動(dòng)詞原形(在某些情況下可以不帶to )。(沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化)
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to do , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be doing , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：無(wú) (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○3 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前就發(fā)生)
○4 用法：
A. 作主語(yǔ)：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .
B. 作表語(yǔ)：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
C. 作賓語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)詞+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+to do I don't know where to put the bike .
c. 動(dòng)詞+形式賓語(yǔ)(it)+賓補(bǔ)+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
D. 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
E. 作狀語(yǔ)：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F.作定語(yǔ)： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略：
A. 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有時(shí)也可以用-never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。
3.動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
A. 作主語(yǔ)：
a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .
b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示"禁止"。No smoking, No parking .
B. 作賓語(yǔ)：He finished doing his homework .
C. 作表語(yǔ)：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
D. 作定語(yǔ)：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名詞的用途、功能等)
E. 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?
4.分詞：動(dòng)詞原形+ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。(可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞)
現(xiàn)在分詞
○1 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞(表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生)
○2 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀
態(tài)之前就發(fā)生)
○3 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
A. 作表語(yǔ)。The result is surprising .
B. 作定語(yǔ)。Developing country (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)
C. 作狀語(yǔ)。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
D. 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass.
過(guò)去分詞
○1 形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞+ed，和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。
○2 過(guò)去分詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
○3 用法：
A. 作表語(yǔ)：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
B. 作定語(yǔ)：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
C. 作狀語(yǔ)：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
D. 作賓補(bǔ)：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
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